Study Guide for Tests
http://fvankeur.myweb.uga.edu/ARHI4020Syllabus.html
Please note that this page is to be used for study purposes only.
Two thirds of your grade for this course will be based on your performance on the midterm(s) and the final exam. The first midterm will deal with Republican and Augustan sculpture. The second one will cover Julio-Claudian through Hadrianic sculpture, and the final will cover Antonine through Constantinian sculpture (see web page with .
The other third of your grade will be based on
your
medium-length research paper for this class.
LINKS:
Paper topics and reserve books
Ancient literary sources on Roman monuments (click here for literary sources through 98 AD; here for Trajanic and Hadrianic sources from 98-138 AD; and here for sources from Antonine and Severan periods from 138-235 AD)
Sample test questions
S.B. Platner, Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (London 1929).Diana E. Kleiner, Roman Sculpture (1992); also available in UGA Bookstore (on reserve, N5760 .S68 1988).
Office Hours:
Tuesday and Thursday, 11:00-12:00 AM, Lamar Dodd
School of Art, N324, or by appointment
First Midterm:
Thursday,
September 24 (through the end of Republican period)
Final Exam:
Tuesday, December 15, 2009, 3:30-6:30 PM
Attendance policy: Those with no more than two absences (with attendance taken for every period of class from first meeting after drop-add) will receive 5 points extra credit, to be applied where most needed on one of your test scores. Those with more than four absences will have one point deducted per absence from score of final exam. Legitimate excuses will not be counted against you, but you must document excused absences
Required monuments:
Bronze she-wolf
with Romulus and Remus
(Renaissance additions): Early Republican date, ca. 500-480 B.C., or
13th century A.D. in Medieval period
Portrait of Roman Patriot by Etruscan Sculptor: Republican, late 4th century BCE
"Brutus," perhaps from Rome and perhaps
originally
part of an equestrian monument; Kleiner , fig. 2.
Portrait
of Roman General by Greek Die-Cutter: late Republican, 2nd
century BCE
Coin portrait (gold
stater) with portrait of Macedonian conqueror Titus Quinctius
Flamininus, possibly minted in Macedonia, northern Greece; click here
for Plutarch's description of a statue of Flamininus; Kleiner,
fig. 4.
Roman Monument by Greek
Sculptor(s) but with Roman Historic Detail: late Republican, 2nd
century BCE
Late
Republican works in Greek style by sculptors from the School of
Pasiteles, 1st century BCE
Athlete signed on tree trunk by Stephanos, pupil of Pasiteles; Kleiner, fig. 6.
"Orestes and Electra" from Pozzuoli, attributed to School of Pasiteles; Kleiner, fig. 7.
Statuary group with two youths from Sallustian Gardens, Rome, attributed to School of Pasiteles, with Hadrianic head of Antinous (added between 130 and 138 CE); Kleiner, fig. 8.
Funerary? group with
son and
mother?, signed by Menelaos, pupil of
Stephanos; Kleiner, fig. 9 (dated to the last quarter of the 1st
century
BCE, i.e. the Augustan period).
Etruscan
portrait: late Republican, 100-27 BCE
Arringatore,
a magistrate in Roman dress with Etruscan name of Aulus Metellus, found
near Lake Trasimene; Kleiner, fig. 10. Etruscan inscription on Aulus
Metellus' toga can be translated: "For Aulus Metellus, the son of Vel
and Vesi, Tesine (?) set up this statue as a votive offering to Sans
[god of oaths], by deliberation of the people."
Roman
Portraits with Greek Bodies and Roman Realistic/Veristic Heads: late
Republican, 100-27 BCE
Portrait of Roman in guise of Greek athlete,
from House of the Diadoumenos, Delos; Kleiner, fig. 11.
Portrait of victorious Roman general from Temple
of Hercules Victor, Tivoli; Kleiner, fig. 12.
Portrait
Heads and Busts of Roman Nobility, with Roman Realistic/Veristic
Characteristics: late Republican (100-27 BCE) and Augustan (last
quarter of 1st century BCE)
Man
in Augustan drapery and with an added Roman
head, evidently walking in funeral procession with busts of his father
and his grandfather; Kleiner,
fig. 13. Click here
for Polybios' and Pliny the Elder's texts on ancestral portraiture.
Realistic terracotta portrait head of elderly
man at death, found in Rome, from late Republican period; Kleiner, fig.
14.
Terracotta head
found
near Cumae, South Italy, and depicting an
elderly Roman; it exhibits realistic
portrait features and Greek romanticism, and dates to late Republican
period;
Kleiner, fig. 15 (click here
for Perseus entry on this head).
Intensely realistic bust of patrician (= aristocrat) from near Otricoli, a translation into marble of a wax head?; Kleiner, fig. 16.
Portraits
of women from late Republican period (100-27 BCE)
Portrait of Octavia (sister of
Octavian=Augustus) from Velletri; Kleiner, fig. 17.
Portrait of an elderly woman from Palombara
Sabina; Kleiner, fig. 18.
Late
Republican (100-27 BCE) portraits of freedmen and freedwomen, from
exteriors of their tombs, Rome
Funerary relief of Fonteius family, from tomb on
Via Labicana, Rome; Kleiner, figs. 19-20.
Funerary relief of man and wife, from tomb on
Via Statilia, Rome; Kleiner, fig. 21.
Funerary relief of soldier, freeborn son of
freedman, from tomb on Via Appia, Rome; late 1st century BCE
(Augustan); Kleiner, fig. 22.
Late
Republican (100-27 BCE) portraits of statesmen
Pompey the Great (Roman general) showing the uplifting
of his hair over the center of the forehead (in imitation of Alexander the Great),
from Licinian Tomb, northeast Rome; believed to copy prototype of ca.
50 BCE from Theater
of Pompey, Campus Martius, Rome; Kleiner, fig. 23.
Pompey the Great, copy of portrait of a younger
Pompey; Kleiner, fig. 24.
Augustan Portraiture: Pre-Accession, i.e.
before Augustus became Emperor in 27 BCE:
Bronze coin
(sestertius) with mourning Octavian
as son of deified Julius Caesar on obverse and deified Julius Caesar on
the reverse; Kleiner, figs. 37-38 (link to page with texts for Suetonius' description of
Augustus).
Portrait of mourning
Octavian ? (or Octavian's
grandson Gaius Caesar ?), from cryptoporticus, Arles; Kleiner, fig. 39 (link to article "Barba"
[beard], from Dictionary of
Roman Coins, 1889).
Augustan Portraiture: Imperial, Augustan, i.e. during Augustus' reign of 27 BCE-14 CE
Bronze head of Augustus from Victory Temple, Meroe, ancient capital of Ethiopia; Kleiner, fig. 43; link to page with texts for Strabo's commentary on Ethiopian incursion in Upper Egypt, and the carrying off of statues such as this one.
Bronze equestrian statue of Augustus from North
Aegean Sea; Kleiner, fig. 44.
Portrait of Augustus (of Ara Pacis type);
Kleiner, fig. 45.
Portraits of Lucius Caesar and Gaius Caesar (sons of Agrippa and Julia, daughter of Augustus; Kleiner, figs. 48-49) and Augustus (Kleiner, fig. 50; posthumous, according to Brian Rose) from Julian Basilica, Corinth (click here for a plan and here for a discussion of the basilica); statues of Lucius and Gaius are believed to have flanked the central niche on the east, while statue of Augustus appears to come from another part of the basilica and is believed to be later in date, i.e. from the reign of Caligula (37-41 CE); link to Suetonius' description of Augustus' training of his grandsons and heirs .
Portrait of Gaius Caesar as a
boy; Kleiner fig. 51.
Portrait of Marcus
Agrippa from the Forum of Gabii, Italy; it may copy a bronze statue
erected in Agrippa's Pantheon, the Campus Martius, Rome; Kleiner, fig.
52; link
to Suetonius' description of Agrippa's role in the decoration of Rome.
Portraits of Tiberius, Augustus
and Livia from niches in amphitheater, Arsinoe on Lake Fayum, Egypt;
from late Augustan period; Kleiner, figs.
54 and 100, and click here
and here.
Augustan Portraiture: Posthumous,
i.e. after Augustus' death in 14 CE
Augustus
from atrium,
villa
of Livia, Prima Porta, perhaps a marble copy from early in the reign of
Tiberius (14-37 CE) of a bronze created shortly after the recovery of
Roman standards from Parthians, an event of 20 BCE (for an essay
I authored on the Augustus of Prima Porta, go to Key Concepts);
Kleiner, fig. 42; web site for ARHI 3000;
link to page with texts for passages from
Augustus' Res Gestae
and Suetonius' Life of
Tiberius on recovery of Roman standards from the Parthians, an
event featured on the breastplate of this statue.
Augustus addresses his troops or Roman
people,
perhaps to tell them of his victory over Parthians (20 BCE).
Cupid
rides a dolphin at his feet, allusion to his claim of descent from
Venus,
mother of Rome's forefather Aeneas. On shoulder-flaps of
breastplate,
prophetic sphinxes. In the center of his breastplate, a Roman
soldier
(a personification of the Roman army or Tiberius ?) receives a Roman
military standard back from a
Parthian;
to the left and right are Roman provinces Spain and Gaul; below Spain
is
Apollo on a griffin, and below Gaul is Diana on a stag; at the bottom
of
the breastplate is an Earth goddess (Tellus), and at the top is the Sky
god (Caelus) with
a canopy of heaven; beneath the Sky god is the Sun god (Sol) and his
chariot
and, to the right, Dawn (Aurora) or Moon goddess (Luna) with her torch
riding on winged
Dew (Hersa) with her vase.
Posthumous portrait of Augustus
from Ariccia; Kleiner, fig. 46.
Bronze coin (dupondius) with Livia and inscription Salus Augusta ("the health of the Augusta"); from the reign of Tiberius (14-37 CE); Kleiner, fig. 53.
Frieze from the interior of the Basilica
Aemilia, Forum, Rome, Augustan date of 14 BC?:
Rape of the Sabines; Kleiner, fig. 69.
Punishment of Tarpeia (Roman lady who
betrayed
Capitol to Sabines), with Titus
Tatius (Sabine king) on the left; Kleiner, fig. 70 (see link for passages from Livy on rape of
Sabines and punishment of Tarpeia).
Ara Pacis Augustae/Altar of Augustan Peace
in
Campus
Martius, Rome (13-9 B.C.); click here
for color images; Kleiner, figs. 71-81; web site for ARHI 3000; link to passages from Augustus' Res Gestae [at the
beginning of the texts] on the Ara Pacis and Suetonius on the Augustan peace)
Frieze from interior of
enclosure wall, showing garlands
with fruits of all seasons suspended from bucrania (bulls' skulls),
with paterae above, Kleiner, fig. 73.
Frieze from lower part of exterior of enclosure
wall, showing acanthus
leaves, stalks and tendrils, and with swans and other animals; Kleiner,
figs. 71 and 79.
Altar relief and south and north friezes from exterior of enclosure
wall represent one or two processions. If one procession is
represented, it would be the consecration procession of 13 B.C., when
site for construction of Ara Pacis Augustae was consecrated. If
two processions are represented, the altar would show the annual
procession in honor of Pax, and the south and north friezes the
consecration procession of 13 B.C.
Altar relief
with heifer on the left (sacrificial animal for Pax), steer in
the
center (sacrificial animal of Jupiter) and sheep on the right
(sacrificial
animal of Janus).
South frieze from exterior of enclosure wall,
showing
Augustus as priest and two consuls, Agrippa,
Gaius Caesar in Trojan costume ? and Julia, and Germanicus
and other members of the
Imperial
family; Kleiner, figs. 74-75.
North frieze from exterior of enclosure wall,
showing Roman family members, and senators
(one as a priest) and attendants; Kleiner, figs. 76-77.
Southeast relief from exterior of enclosure wall,
showing Pax (possibly with portrait head of Livia)
flanked by female personifications of
breezes
or seasons on a swan and sea monster; Kleiner, fig. 80.
Northeast relief from exterior of enclosure wall,
showing Roma
on pile of shields.
Northwest relief from exterior of enclosure wall,
once showing the suckling of Romulus and Remus by she-wolf in presence
of Mars
and Faustulus; Kleiner, fig. 71.
Southwest relief from exterior of enclosure wall,
showing Aeneas sacrificing to Penates, with Achates behind him;
Kleiner, fig. 78.
Portraits
from reign of Tiberius (son of Livia by her first marriage before she
became Augustus' wife), Imperial, Julio-Claudian, 14-37 CE
Seated portrait of Tiberius with
attributes of Jupiter, from dynastic group from theater, Cerveteri
(ancient Caere), believed by Brian Rose to consist of a body of
Caligula with posthumous portrait head of Tiberius, attached to statue
in reign of Claudius (45-50 CE); Kleiner, fig. 109.
Portraits from reign of Caligula
(son of Tiberius' nephew Germanicus), Imperial, Julio-Claudian, 37-41 CE
Pre-accession youthful portrait of Caligula as prince found near Lago
Albano (31-37 CE);
Kleiner, fig. 102; see link
for passage from Suetonius' Life
of Caligula.
Portrait of Caligula found near Milvian Bridge, Rome; Kleiner, fig. 103.
Portrait of Caligula from Asia
Minor (modern-day Turkey); Kleiner, fig. 104, and click here
for color
reconstruction.
Portraits from reign of Claudius
(nephew of Tiberius), 41-54 CE
Gold coin (aureus) with idealized portrait of Claudius, early reign of Claudius; Kleiner, fig. 105; see link for passage from Suetonius' Life of Deified Claudius.
Portrait of Claudius with attributes of Jupiter, from Lanuvium, early reign of Claudius; Kleiner, fig. 106.
Portrait of Claudius with attributes of Jupiter, from dynastic group from Metroon, Olympia; signed by Athenian artists Philathenaios and Hegias ; Kleiner, fig. 107.
Seated portrait of Claudius with
attributes of Jupiter, associated with relief with personifications of
three Etruscan
cities (Vetulonia, Vulci and Tarquinia) that is possibly from right
side of Claudius' throne or from an altar; portrait of Claudius from
dynastic group from
theater, Cerveteri
(ancient Caere), believed to possibly consist of body of Augustus
(whose head may now be in Louvre)
with posthumous portrait head of Claudius (after 54 CE); Kleiner, fig.
108.
Portraits from reign of Nero (son
of Agrippina II, sister of Caligula), 54-68 CE
Potrait of Nero as a boy, from dynastic group at basilica, Velleia, dated before 51 CE by Kleiner; Brian Rose suggests head of Nero was placed on an earlier body of a boy; Kleiner, fig. 110; see link for passage from Suetonius' Life of Nero.
Portrait
head of Nero from Olbia, Sardinia, created early in the reign of Nero,
55-59 CE;
Kleiner, fig.
111.
Portrait
head of Nero from
Palatine hill, Rome, 59 CE; Kleiner, fig. 112.
Portraits of Julio-Claudian women
Portrait of Antonia the Younger
(daughter of Mark Antony and Octavia, mother of Germanicus and
Claudius, and grandmother of Caligula), made of five unrelated pieces
of marble, with only the Parian marble head believed to be from the
original portrait; from reign of Tiberius (14-37 CE); Kleiner, fig. 114.
Portrait from Licinian Tomb, northeast Rome;
believed by Kleiner to be Claudian (41-54 CE) and to represent Livia,
but it may instead be Tiberian in date (14-37 CE) and it may represent
one of the women whose funerary altars were found in tomb, possibly
Licinia Crassi; Kleiner, fig. 115.
Portrait of Agrippina the Younger (sister of
Caligula, mother of Nero, and last wife of Claudius), late Claudian or
early Neronian (49-59 CE); Kleiner, fig. 116.
Julio-Claudian Reliefs from reign
of Tiberius, 14-37 CE
Relief
showing double performance of suovetaurilia (sacrifice of pig, sheep
and bull), with Tiberius on the left and
Augustus
to be restored on the right, from altar, Rome (14-20 CE); Kleiner, fig.
117.
Julio-Claudian
Reliefs from reign of Claudius, 41-54 CE
Reliefs that have been associated with Ara
Pietatis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Piety), Campus Martius, Rome;
Kleiner, figs. 118-120.
Processional figures in togas, including flamen, to be identified as
Silanus, or Caligula reworked as Claudius; Kleiner, fig. 118:
Reliefs excavated in Ravenna that may belong to
a precinct wall of an altar.
Relief fragment with a sacrificial bull:
(Cancelleria) reliefs from an arch ?,
Campus Martius, Rome (85-96 A.D.); Strong, Kleiner, figx. 158-159.
Domitian welcoming his father Vespasian home from
Palestine/Judaea, in presence of fruitful Genius of Roman people or
Honos (on the
right)
and Genius of Senate (on the left) three lictors; on far left, Roma,
attendant of Vestal Virgins and Vestal Virgins.
Domitian (with recarved head of Nerva) dragged
to Sarmatian War in presence of Victory, Mars, Minerva, Roma,
Genius of Senate,
Genius of Roman people, lictors and soldiers.
Portraits
of freedmen from late Flavian or early Trajanic period (ca. 90-100 CE)
Portraits of Quintus Haterius (a building
contractor?) and his wife, from aediculae,
exterior of temple/tomb of Haterii, on Via
Casilina outside of Rome; Kleiner, figs. 167-168.
Portraits
of Trajan and his family, Trajanic Period (98-117 CE)
Portrait of Trajan
in the Capitoline Museum; Kleiner, fig. 171.
Bust of Trajan in the Capitoline Museum;
Kleiner, fig. 172.
Portrait of full figure of Trajan in
cuirass, from guild
building, possibly of ship-carpenters, Ostia; Kleiner, fig. 173.
Portrait of Trajan from near theater, Ostia;
Kleiner, fig. 174.
Imago Clipeata (shield image) of Trajan's father from Turkey; Kleiner, fig. 175.
Portrait of Trajan's wife Plotina,
from
Frigidarium, Baths
of Neptune, Ostia; Kleiner, fig. 176.
Forum
of Trajan, Rome, Trajanic Period (98-117 CE) and early Hadrianic Period
(117-138 CE)
Plan, Forum of Trajan, Imperial Fora, designed by Apollodorus; including Forum court, Basilica Ulpia (107-112 CE), column of Trajan (112-113 CE), and temple of deified Trajan (early Hadrianic); Kleiner, fig. 177, and web site for ARHI 3000.
Roman coin showing triumphal arch at entrance.
Dacians from gallery/2nd story of Forum's colonnade, reused in attic of arch of Constantine.
Column of Trajan,
Tuscan Doric order, whose
base
housed golden ash urns of Trajan and Plotina; web site for ARHI 3000.
Kleiner, fig. 179.
Spirals 1 and 2: crossing of Danube over pontoon bridge; Kleiner,
fig. 182.
Roman soldiers present severed heads of Dacians to Trajan; Kleiner,
fig. 183.
Victory
writing on shield at the end of First Dacian War; Kleiner, fig. 184.
Suicide
of Decebalus; Kleiner, fig. 181 and web site for ARHI 3000.
Great Trajanic frieze, reused on arch of
Constantine; Kleiner, figs. 185 and 186.
Part I: Standing Romans
and Dacians and Roman cavalry.
Part II: Roman
cavalry, led by Trajan.
Kleiner, fig. 185.
Part III: Roman
cavalry.
Part IV: Trajan's
triumphal entry into Rome, led by Roma/Virtus and crowned by
Victory. Kleiner, fig. 186.
Relief with exstipicium and
Trajan in front of Capitoline temple of Jupiter, from Forum of Trajan;
Kleiner, fig. 187.
Arch of Trajan, Benevento, late
Trajanic and early Hadrianic Periods, 114-118 CE; Kleiner, figs.
188-189.
Alimenta panel, from interior of arch; Kleiner, fig. 190.
Sacrifice panel, from interior of arch; Kleiner, fig. 191.
Attic panel from city side, with Minerva, Jupiter with thunderbolt for
Trajan, and Juno; Kleiner, fig. 192.
Attic panel fromm ciy side, with Trajan receiving thunderbolt from
Jupiter, in presence of Hadrian and two consuls; Kleiner, fig. 193.
Sockles beneath piers from
arch, Pozzuoli, early Trajanic period (98-117 CE)
Roman soliders with arms, carved on back of inscription honoring
Domitian; Kleiner, figs. 194-195.
Trophy of Trajan, Adamklissi,
Dacia, Trajanic period (98-117 CE)
Metope showing Roman soldier with beheaded Dacian and Dacian archer;
Kleiner, fig. 196.
Metope reproducing the statue group with Trajan attacking Dacian, from
large court of Forum of Trajan, Rome; Kleiner, fig. 197.
Metope showing Dacian family in retreat, on ox-drawn cart; Kleiner,
fig. 198.
Tomb of Philopappos, Athens,
Trajanic period (98-117 CE)
Decoration from facade, with consular procession on lower level and
seated Philopappos and his grandfather, last king of Commagene;
Kleiner, figs. 199-200.
Portraits
of Hadrian, his wife Sabina, and his favorite Antinous, Hadrianic
period (117-138 CE)
Portrait of Hadrian in a paludamentum, from Rome; Kleiner, fig. 202.
Portrait bust of Hadrian in breastplate;
Kleiner, fig. 203.
Portrait of Hadrian as pontifex maximus;
Kleiner, fig. 204.
Portrait of Hadrian in breastplate, with his
foot on a barbarian, from Hierapytna, Crete; Kleiner, fig. 205.
Portrait head of Sabina,
wife of Hadrian, from Rome;
Kleiner, fig. 206.
Portrait of Antinous
as Apollo, from Delphi;
Kleiner, fig. 207.
Portrait of Antinous as Bacchus from villa at
Praeneste; Kleiner, fig.
208.
Relief of Antinous as Silvanus, by Antonianus of
Aphrodisias, found in villa near Lanuvium; Kleiner, fig. 209.
Portrait of Antinous as an Egyptian pharaoh,
from the Poikile, Villa of
Hadrian,
Tivoli; Kleiner, fig. 210.
Hadrianic
reliefs, Hadrianic period (117-138 CE)
Chatsworth relief from Rome, believed to depict
the burning
of debt records, ordered by Hadrian in 118 CE; Kleiner,
fig. 218.
Reused Hadrianic roundels from arch of
Constantine
(130-138 CE), Rome.:
Boar hunt; Kleiner, fig. 220.
Sacrifice to Hercules; Kleiner, fig. 219.
Arch of Hadrian ("Arco di Portogallo"), Campus
Martius,
Rome (136-138 CE).
Relief showing apotheosis of Hadrian's wife Sabina,
with
Campus Martius, Aeternitas and funeral pyre, and Hadrian
witnessing event; Kleiner, fig. 222.
Relief showing adlocutio = ? funeral address or
donation, with Genius of Roman People on the right; Kleiner, fig. 221.
Orestes sarcophagus from tomb, Rome; Kleiner, fig. 226.
Antoninus Pius, first Antonine Emperor, 138-161 CE
Head of Antoninus Pius from Formia; Kleiner, fig. 231.
Marcus Aurelius, second Antonine Emperor, 161-180 CE
Pre-accession portrait of Marcus Aurelius in a
paludamentum; Kleiner, frontispiece and fig. 234.
Portrait bust in a breastplate and paludamentum;
Kleiner, fig. 237.
Lucius Verus, Antonine co-regent with Marcus Aurelius, 161-169 CE
Portrait bust in breastplate and paludamentum; Kleiner, fig. 239.
Commodus, third Antonine Emperor, 180-193 CE
Bust of Commodus as Hercules from Esquiline Villa, Rome; Kleiner, figs. 243-244.
Septimius Severus, first Severan Emperor, 193-211 CE
Bronze portrait of Septimius Severus from Nicosia, Cyprus; Kleiner, fig. 282.
Caracalla, second Severan Emperor, 211-217 CE
Portrait head of Caracalla, said to be from Rome; Kleiner, fig. 286; and ARHI 3000 site.
Elagabulus, third Severan Emperor, 218-222
CE
Portrait head of Elagabalus; Kleiner, fig. 320.
Alexander Severus, fourth Severan Emperor, 222-235 CE
Portrait bush Alexander Severus; Kleiner, fig. 321.
Maximinus the Thracian, Soldier Emperor, 235-238 CE
Portrait head of Maximinus Thrax; Kleiner, fig. 324.
Philip the Arab, Soldier Emperor, 244-249 CE
Portrait bust of Philip Arab; Kleiner, fig. 332.
Diocletian, Emperor 284-305 CE
Portrait head of Diocletian; Kleiner, fig. 371.
Constantine, Emperor 305-337 CE
Colossal seated marble portrait of Constantine from basilica, Rome; Kleiner, fig. 399; and ARHI 3000 site.
